Drug Crimes. Criminal Attempt, Conspiracy, and Aiding and Abetting. Federal Crimes, Cybercrimes, and Juvenile Crimes. Auto Theft. Traffic Offenses. Violent Crimes. White Collar Crimes. Alcohol Crimes. Parole and Probation. Expungement and Sealing of Criminal Records. Offenses Included in Other Crimes. Derivative Responsibility for Crimes. Working with a Criminal Lawyer. Several subtypes of street robbery exist that vary in frequency depending on local circumstances.
Among the better known are:. Street robbery is one form of a larger set of problems related to street crime and issues of violent crime among strangers. This guide, however, is limited to addressing the particular harms stranger-perpetrated street robbery causes.
Problems related to street robbery not directly addressed in this guide, because they have specific opportunity structures and require separate analyses and responses, include the following:. Other guides in this series—a list of which you can find at the end of this guide—address some of these related problems. In particular, you may want to read several other robbery-related problem-oriented policing guides in conjunction with this guide, including:.
For the most up-to-date listing of current and future guides, see www. The street robbery patterns mentioned below are general and based on research from several different sources. Therefore, it is important that you study the particular patterns in your own community, as they may vary from these general patterns. Street robberies constitute a considerable portion of all robberies.
In , 44 percent of robberies reported to U. In , the robbery rate was 6. For instance, robbery rates have increased in England and Wales over the last decade, particularly from to The data come from the Uniform Crime Reports.
Research has provided a demographic sketch of typical street robbers. First, street robbery appears to be a young person's crime. Offenders tend to be in their late teens and early 20s. Street robbers search for victims who appear to have money or other valuables—for example, students and tourists.
They also target people who appear to be the most vulnerable—like young adults using ATMs alone at night or under the influence of alcohol. Pedestrians who look lost, are using a cell phone, are rummaging through their bags, or are listening to MP3 players might appear less alert and more vulnerable to street robbers than other people. Overall, street robbery patterns appear to cluster by times, days and locations—for instance, street robberies often occur on weekends, when entertainment districts are busier and associated businesses are open later.
With that in mind, below we have summarized how street robberies cluster by times, days and locations. Overall, most street robberies occur at night. For some groups, however, peak robbery times vary with their routine activity patterns. For instance, most elderly people run errands early in the day. Accordingly, offenders usually rob older people 65 and above in the morning and early afternoons. Yet offenders usually rob young adults during the evening. Drunken bar patrons or migrant workers returning home after work on paydays might also be at high risk during late-night hours due to the absence of effective guardians and the remote locations of some entertainment venues.
In general, most street robberies occur on weekends. In Cincinnati, for example, most street robberies occur late on Saturday evenings and early on Sunday mornings. Street robberies are often concentrated in specific areas, as shown here.
Hot spot maps are useful for defining a specific robbery problem. Source: Glendale Arizona Police Department. Most street robberies occur in urban areas. Other frequent robbery locations include parking lots and garages—followed by parks, fields, playgrounds, and areas near public transportation. Even within a small area, there can be a range of types of street robberies.
Here we see different types of weapons used. This might indicate overlapping street robbery problems, instead of a single problem. Hot spots can contain smaller hot spots. The hot spot in the city scale map, upon close inspection, has several different clusters of street robberies. Small area analysis is usually better than wide area analysis. Finally, street robbers tend to take certain items during a robbery: cash, purses, wallets, credit cards, mobile phones, MP3 players, jewelry, clothing, and other small electronic devices e.
The proliferation of small, portable, expensive electronic items see figure may be linked with street robbery in some locations. Credit: John Eck. Street robbery is a major source of fear among the public because victims face a sudden threat to life, a loss of control, and an invasion of personal space. For instance, the National Crime Victimization Survey showed that street robbers attacked most victims on their way to or from work, school, shopping, or running errands. The risk of injury and death during an attack further substantiates the public's fear of robbery.
Offenders physically attack approximately half of robbery victims, and about 20 percent require medical attention. The type of weapon used typically distinguishes robbery from robbery-murder. Roughly two-thirds of robbery-murders involve guns, but offenders use guns in less than one-third of robberies. Understanding the factors that contribute to your community's street robbery problem will help you frame your own local analysis questions, determine effectiveness measures, recognize key intervention points, and select appropriate responses.
Local analysis may reveal unique situations, not on this list, that you may need to address. You should base local analysis on the street robbery analysis triangle Figure 1. This triangle is a modification of the widely used problem analysis triangle see www. It organizes basic factors that contribute to robbery problems.
Though no single factor completely accounts for the street robbery problem, the interrelated dynamics among victims , locations , offenders, and routines all contribute to street robbery patterns. Street robberies occur when motivated offenders encounter suitable victims in an environment that facilitates robbery. A street robbery problem emerges when victims repeatedly encounter offenders in the same area. The aim is to decrease the reward for the robber and make it more likely that he or she will get caught.
Your staff will also be better trained to respond to a robbery by providing police with a detailed description that will help them to catch the offender s.
Remember, when you are planning how to react to a robbery, the most important consideration is personal safety. For example:. Regular on-site training should be given a high priority. Employees need to be trained in the latest methods of robbery prevention, as it will improve their personal safety and their ability to provide information that could help in the apprehension of the criminals.
Also, this preparation can lessen the emotional after-effects of being involved in a robbery. Whenever possible, try to have several employees present when opening and closing your premises. The following precautions will help make opening and closing safer:. Every business should operate a cash-protection system.
Each employee handling cash should be trained in the various possible types of attack, and should follow good cash-handling practices. The captive bank customers may be able to claim damages, and the bank robber may be charged with the crime of false imprisonment. Even the police may be charged with false imprisonment if they exceed their authority.
False imprisonment might be one of the bigger problems that law enforcement face today, because at some times the only thing cops get after a crime was committed are description of a person what they are wearing and they body build from the radio and have to find a suspect matching that description, this can lead the cops into arresting someone who fit that description but who also did not necessary committed that crime.
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