There are five sacral nerve pairs. The first nerve root exits between S1 and S2. One pair of coccygeal Co1 nerves meets in the area of the tailbone. By way of the peripheral nervous system PNS , nerve impulses travel to and from the brain through the spinal cord to a specific location in the body. The PNS is a complex system of nerves that branch off from the spinal nerve roots. These nerves travel outside of the spinal canal to the upper extremities arms, hands and fingers , to the muscles of the trunk, to the upper and lower extremities arms, hands, fingers, legs, feet and toes and to the organs of the body.
Any interruption of spinal cord function by disease or injury at a particular level may result in a loss of sensation and motor function below that level. Depending on the severity of the disease or injury, the loss of function may be permanent. Did you know you can support education and research for neurosurgical conditions while you shop, at no extra cost to you? Register with AmazonSmile to designate the NREF as your charity, and a percentage of your purchase is donated automatically.
Annulus fibrosus — The fibrous, ring-like outer portion of an intervertebral disc. Arachnoiditis — Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane the middle of the three protective layers called the meninges ; most commonly seen around the spinal cord and cauda equina.
Arthritis — Inflammation of a joint, usually accompanied by swelling, pain and restriction of motion. Bone spur — Bony growth or rough edge of bone. Cauda equina — The collection of nerves at the end of the spinal cord that resembles a horse's tail. Cervical spine — The neck region of the spine consisting of the first seven vertebrae. Coccyx — More commonly known as the tailbone, this is a bony structure in the region of the spine below the sacrum.
Conus medullaris — The cone-shaped bottom of the spinal cord, usually at the level of L1. Disc Intervertebral — A tough, elastic cushion located between the vertebrae in the spinal column; acts as a shock absorber for the vertebrae.
Disc degeneration — The deterioration of a disc. A disc in the spine may wear out over time. A deteriorated disc may or may not cause pain. Facet — A joint formed when a posterior structure of a vertebra that joins with a facet of an adjacent vertebra; this joint allows for motion in the spinal column. Each vertebra has a right and left superior upper facet and a right and left inferior lower facet.
Foramen — An opening in the vertebrae of the spine through which the spinal nerve roots travel. Joint — The junction of two or more bones that permits varying degrees of motion between the bones. Lamina — The flattened or arched part of the vertebral arch that forms the roof or back part of the spinal canal.
The spinal cord is the main bundle of nerve fibers connecting the brain to the rest of the body. The spinal cord ends near the L1 and L2 vertebrae, where it divides into bundles of nerve roots called the cauda equina. Exiting the sides of the spine are nerve roots, thick nerve branches that transmit signals between the spinal cord and the other parts of the body. On either side of the vertebral canal are pedicle bones, which connect the vertebral body to the lamina.
The lamina create the outer wall of the vertebral canal, covering and protecting the spinal cord. Protruding from the back of the lamina is the spinous process.
It provides an attachment point for muscles and ligaments that move and stabilize the vertebrae. Transverse processes protrude from the sides of each vertebra. Muscles and ligaments that move and stabilize the vertebrae attach to the transverse processes. The articular facets form the joints where each vertebra connects with the vertebrae above and below it.
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